Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-responsive alkaline phosphatase (ES-TRAP) serves as a sensitive indicator for ER stress. In response to heavy metals including cadmium, nickel and cobalt, hepatocytes and renal tubular cells expressing ES-TRAP exhibited ER stress and decreased ES-TRAP activity. In ES-TRAP transgenic mice, acute exposure to cadmium showed rapid, transient decreases in the activity of serum ES-TRAP. It was inversely correlated with the induction of endogenous ER stress markers in the liver and kidney. Our result provides first evidence for the acute, reversible induction of ER stress in vivo after exposure to heavy metal.
Exploring the Benefits of IV Therapy: What You Need to Know
As healthcare continues to evolve, IV therapy has emerged as a popular method of delivering essential nutrients directly into the